Student Activities for Introduction to Fractions
Background Information
Many students confuse fractions with the whole numbers that they are so used to seeing. The number “1/3” looks like two different numbers rather than a single numerical value. A fraction is a number with an integer numerator and a nonzero denominator that, for our purposes, can represent rational numbers (1/4 or 3 2/5) and whole numbers (4/2 = 2). The “numerator” is the quantity in the top section of the fraction that represents the number of parts, and the “denominator” is the value below the fraction bar indicating the number of partitions or shares, known also as the “whole".
Fraction notation can indicate ratio and proportions, multiplicative relationships, quotient when dividing two numbers, measurement, and parts of wholes or sets. Beginning fraction masters need only worry about parts of wholes or sets and measurement, but astute students will likely notice multiplicative relationships (i.e. the half circle is twice the size of the quarter circle or, inversely, the quarter circle is 1/2 the size of the half circle) and dividing two numbers (sharing 7 cookies among 3 people would be written 7/3, the same as 7 ÷ 3).
Student Prior Knowledge
Students should know that shapes can often be split into equal shares, such as halves, thirds, and quarters or fourths. The concept of sharing items, such as supplies or food, as well as sharing time fairly, like turn-taking or splitting the day into class periods/subjects, should be well established by this age. Draw on real-life examples whenever possible to strengthen understanding.
While it is not imperative, it is helpful if students are already familiar with multiplication and division. Mastery of basic facts is a separate skill from understanding and manipulating fractions, but understanding one may help the understanding of the other. Consider reviewing the multiplication/division facts as necessary.
Fun Fact: The fraction bar is called the vinculum!
This fraction lesson plan is a mini supplement on fractions to be used for remedial or extension work and information, teacher guidance and inspiration, alternative instruction, integrating writing and mathematics, or for whatever you wish!
Teachers can use Storyboard That to make short storyboards for a concept, discussion springboard, quick visual review before a unit or lesson, word problems, or as a slideshow presentation to accompany a lesson! Teachers can also create custom fraction worksheets to help students practice the concepts they find most difficult to master.
Students can use Storyboard That to write math stories, fraction word problems with realistic applications, explain a concept as an assessment, or explain a concept to show another student (student exchange).
How Tos about Introduction to Fractions
Use hands-on fraction manipulatives for deeper understanding
Gather physical fraction manipulatives like fraction circles, tiles, or strips. Let students explore by building, comparing, and combining pieces to visualize numerators and denominators. This concrete approach helps learners see how fractions work and supports abstract concepts with tactile experience.
Model real-life fraction scenarios
Present everyday situations involving fractions, such as sharing pizza slices, measuring ingredients, or dividing class supplies. Ask students to solve or discuss these scenarios using manipulatives or drawings. This strategy makes fractions relevant and easier to grasp.
Encourage verbal explanations of fraction thinking
Invite students to explain their reasoning when solving fraction problems. Prompt them to describe how they determined their answers using key vocabulary like numerator, denominator, and whole. This builds mathematical language and deepens comprehension.
Incorporate peer teaching with fraction activities
Pair students and have them teach each other by creating simple fraction stories or problems. Peer instruction strengthens understanding, boosts confidence, and allows for multiple perspectives on fraction concepts.
Check for understanding using quick formative assessments
Use exit tickets, mini-quizzes, or flashcards at the end of lessons to gauge student mastery of fraction basics. Immediate feedback lets you adjust instruction and support those who need extra help.
Frequently Asked Questions about Introduction to Fractions
What is a fraction and how do you explain it to elementary students?
A fraction is a way to show parts of a whole using two numbers: the numerator (top) for the number of parts and the denominator (bottom) for the total number of equal parts. To explain it to elementary students, use examples like cutting a pizza or sharing candies to show how we split things into equal shares.
What’s the difference between a numerator and a denominator in a fraction?
The numerator is the top number in a fraction and shows how many parts you have. The denominator is the bottom number and tells you how many equal parts the whole is divided into. For example, in 3/4, 3 is the numerator and 4 is the denominator.
How can teachers make learning fractions easier for students?
Teachers can make fractions easier by using visual aids like storyboards, real-life examples (sharing food, time), hands-on activities, and custom fraction worksheets. Integrating math stories and discussions helps students connect fractions to everyday life.
Why do students struggle with understanding fractions?
Students often struggle with fractions because they are used to whole numbers and may find it confusing that fractions represent numbers between counting numbers. Fractions require understanding parts of wholes, which is a new concept for many young learners.
What are some engaging fraction activities for K-12 classrooms?
Engaging fraction activities include creating storyboards, making and solving fraction word problems, visual reviews before lessons, and collaborative games using fraction cards. Teachers can also use slideshow presentations and custom worksheets for practice.
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